>> From the Library of Congress in Washington, DC. ^M00:00:03 ^M00:00:18 >> Sasha Dowdy: My name is Sasha, I work here in the Library of Congress Young Readers Center and I hope that you're enjoying your visit to the library so far. Who's been here before? Oh good. And your first then the two of you, welcome so glad you're here. So we have a pop quiz for you guys kind of. Pop quiz slash fun facts how about that? Okay, so in the Library of Congress we have millions of things okay, we have millions and millions of items and of course we have books. So do you know what other items we might have in the library's collections? Yeah. ^M00:00:53 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:00:54 What's that? ^M00:00:55 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:00:56 Fossils, I think we do yeah. ^M00:00:58 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:00:59 Sculptures for sure. >> Art. >> Sasha Dowdy: Art. Yeah, we have all kinds of photographs and artwork and prints and everything. Yeah. ^M00:01:08 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:01:11 We have so many old items from way back when. You saw the museum part, that's awesome. Yeah. ^M00:01:17 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:01:21 Journals, yeah absolutely. We also have maps, 5 million maps in fact and a total of about 167 million of things of all kinds. We even have flutes, we have a ton of flutes, we have real expensive violins, Stradivarius violins and cellos. So we have all kinds of stuff and we're going to show you some of it as we talk to some scientists to celebrate women in science today. So I am really happy to introduce you guys to two scientists and the first one is going to speak first Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova. She got her PhD in human genetics from Tokyo University and now she is a scientific review officer at NIH. Have you guys heard of NIH before? It stands for National Institutes of Health. And she'll tell you a little bit more about what kind of work she does there and how she got where she is now and what kind of work she's doing there. So how about we welcome Dr. K. ^M00:02:20 [ Applause ] ^M00:02:25 >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Thank you very much for inviting me today and thank you Sasha for introduction. So it's a great honor to be here and to speak with you, our future. So and I hope that I will infuse some excitement into you about science. So everyone has science class? >> Yes. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Yeah. So you like science? That's great, that's great, so half of the job is done. Actually I forgot I wanted to start with saying good morning. >> Good morning. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: [Foreign language]. This is good morning in Russian. And as you already figured out I came from Russia. So I was born in the Ural Mountains in the like kind of central or closer to Moscow side of Russia. And everyone heard about Moscow, but maybe not so much about Russia so I show you something about my hometown. So the city of Ufa is in the mountains, Ural Mountains and we have a lot of nice nature, a lot of nice pictures you can take there if you ever go. And this inspired me to learn more about living things, about life science. And this is a monument very famous, it's the national hero of Bashkir people, so Ufa is capital of Bashkir Republic inside of Russia. And Bashkir about 30% people who live there. And they have their special national clothing. And this is how it maybe looks now snow, there is still snow there. ^M00:05:00 ^M00:05:05 So these are some pictures from my childhood. So this is our very modest and old apartment building, this is where I grew. And this is my baby sister and maybe you figure this is me. So how old are you guys? >> Twelve. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Twelve, this is about me, this is me at your age. So and this is I'm wearing one of my dresses, I have two dresses, one was [inaudible] to wash and another I was wearing. And this is my school, I liked school very much. I went there to meet my friends and grade teachers who inspired me and who teach me all the good things that I can use in my life. And I'm thankful for everyone who taught me all of this. And this is me helping my mom after school drying clothes. So we didn't have a dryer, so actually it's not, it wasn't a cultural thing in Russia and maybe now some people will have it. And we always just dry them outside. So why I'm telling you all this because regardless of your background where you were born if you have your dream you'll follow your dream and you will do something that you couldn't even imagine. So for example my parents were very much insisting on good education, they were born before the World War II and they didn't have higher education, but they wanted for their kids to have it. And they put us into school with special emphasis on English language. But Russia was very close country, I never saw any of my relatives or friends going out to other countries and I was asking myself why I'm learning English. But then standing in front of you today I would say my parents were right, so they were enforcing something on me that I maybe didn't understand but it helped me through my life. So I suggest that you listen to your parents. ^M00:07:44 ^M00:07:48 So I have a lot of inspiration from my friends and teachers and support. This is what you seek when you are going to pursue your dream. And so from Ufa having interest in science and more in life sciences I went to Novosibirsk, it's in Siberia maybe you've heard it's very cold there but it can be also very warm, it can be 100 degrees in summer so but it's dry, it feels different. So I was studying there biology, molecular biology and biochemistry. And then it happened so I met my husband Dr. Yuri Kotliarov during my university years. And together with him we went to University of Tokyo in Japan to study further and to get our PhD degrees. And I worked in the Brain Science Institute and I will show you some brain cells later. And when we were in Japan we had a chance to go to a conference to the United States and we were so impressed by the scientists and by the opportunities that are in this country for the research and we decided to work in the United States. So we moved and it was almost like around the world journey. So I'm talking that I'm scientist, but what is really science? Can you guys say something or write? ^M00:09:57 >> I think science is something that you can't explain, but then later on you can explain it. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: To explain unexplained that's very good. >> I think science is when you like have questions about the world and things that you find and then some stuff is never answered or things that are very questionable. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: That's very good. >> I think science is something like a group of different things that have something to do with like you wanted to study what was it again? >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Molecular biology, biochemistry. >> Yes and you could, it's also like astronomy. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Yes, that's right. >> And. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: That's all great answers. Science is the way we learn about the unknown things in the world and it also includes all the knowledge gained through centuries and generations -- from generation to generation. And scientists are using different tools. So here you see a couple of tools already, so anymore tools that, so what kind of tools do you think scientists use, just give me a couple examples? Yes please. ^M00:11:30 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:11:34 How did you know I'm going to speak about microscope, so you guessed it right? Yes. ^M00:11:40 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:11:43 Telescopes all right. So what are microscopes used for to see what kind of things? ^M00:11:48 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:11:49 Tiny objects and telescope? ^M00:11:50 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:11:55 Yes, that's right. Yes. ^M00:11:57 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:12:18 Beakers that's very good. Yes. ^M00:12:19 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:12:21 Yes, yes to measure exact and to mix things right. So and what do scientists do, how does science work? So what does it start from, like what? Yes. ^M00:12:36 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:12:38 Question or hypothesis exactly. And then we do what to test the hypothesis? >> Experiments. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Experiments. And then we get something results. Exactly. And then we have to explain it, is it the result we expected or is it something unexpected. Then what do we do? So a very important thing is to get the resources to do all the experiments, so you need funding and we will talk about funding a little bit later. And before you start your experiment do you want to know if this idea occurred to someone and someone already resolved this? Do you want to invent a new wheel or you want to use the invented wheel and build the new more bigger? So you go to get more information right and now we have all the resources, we have the computer internet, we can check some ideas and find information. Where else we go to get information about ideas that you want to pursue? Yes. >> The library. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Of course and that's why we are here right. And we talked about the tools and [inaudible] from the first try that we are talking about the microscope. So when does microscope, when did people start thinking about microscope? Someone is thinking and sitting and saying oh I will invent a microscope. No, so actually there was no glass at first and glass was invented and then they saw like if they put some glass on some object they see that it is become bigger. And this was happening like in the first century romans noticed that. And then one scientist or some guy in Italy made the first magnification eyeglass just for one eye to help people to see. And after that two Dutch spectacle makers made the first microscope which was a tube, which was like consisted of three tubes that you have to retract them. And the first microscope that was used for many things was invented again by a Dutcher draper and scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek. So probably you heard his name because this is when the real microscopy started and he was the first to see tiny creatures under the microscope. And in 1665, Robert Hooke, an English scientist, published his micrographia. The things that he observed under the microscope and we will talk about this in a second. So as you can see, there are Romans, Italians, Dutch people, English scientists and centuries So in time and space the microscope invention was continuing, so this is how science works. It is and now it is more like teamwork, people can move using planes and helicopters you name it to different areas to do research together. And if you choose to be a scientist you could be also traveling a lot and. ^M00:17:07 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:17:15 Excavation or archeologists yes, yes. So and as we spoke about Robert Hooke, the Library of Congress has his micrographia, so his drawing that he made looking into the microscope. And this website actually is a great resource both for the students and for the teachers to get acquainted to know more about different pieces, different information, different information on scientific discoveries, and so on. And this is the micrographia that Robert Hooke made. So what did he draw, what did he look at the microscope? He look at the cork, cork, cork on the trees, the cork like on the oak. ^M00:18:24 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:18:27 And he found some structures he called them pores or cells and he called them cells because he was thinking when looking at them that they reminded him cells of a monastery where monks lived, like tiny cells in a monastery. And guess what? He was the first person whose named themselves, since then this units of life are called cells. Actually he was seeing the dead cells and the walls of the cells. And this is how cork cells look under modern microscope, so he could draw very nicely. And this is the living cells of onion under microscope. Maybe you will do or already did this experiment in your school looking at onions. And this is the first microscope that was like a tube and Robert Hooke draw his micrographia using this microscope which he invented too and this is how modern microscope looks which you are familiar with. And these are some of my data that were published about the brain tumor, so when I did the brain cancer studies. ^M00:20:02 So as you can see, the shape of the cells is in green because there is protein that is in the cell membrane which is called [inaudible] and the nucleus which is stained in blue. So now I want to tell you a little bit where scientists work. So it could be an academic institution or university, industry and government. And I work in the government organization, which is called National Institutes of Health. This is one of the biggest research institutions in the world and it's right here in Bethesda. So it's just close to you and you can be part of it and we'll talk about this later. So there are many achievements that were done at NIH, National Institutes of Health, everyone calls it NIH. And for example, discovery of fluoride to prevent the tooth decay or eradication of Ebola as you heard recently. And human genome was also sequenced at NIH. So there are 27 institutes and scientific centers at NIH and I work in the Center for Scientific Review and what does it mean? We will know in a minute. So what do you think about scientific review? So we were talking about experiments, hypothesis and what do we do with the results, and where does scientific peer review have place. So there are five options for you to guess what is scientific review, what is NIH peer review? So but I warn you this is a tricky question so. ^M00:22:23 ^M00:22:27 So who is for, do you have any ideas? What is the idea? >> Two. ^M00:22:36 ^M00:22:40 >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Two, scientists meet together to discuss science. >> None of them [inaudible]. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Three, scientists review scientific application from other scientists. Yeah, that's peer-to-peer very good. But two was also correct and one is correct because scientists write application about their idea and submit it to NIH. Also, when scientists meet they evaluate the application, how interesting it is, how it will improve, how it will advance science further. And they will give it a score, so four is correct too. And NIH is make sure that this process is all fair and only experts review the applications. And everything is done without bias and in a timely manner. So going back to this schema, so we were talking about funding and that we will talk about it later. So and this is where the peer review comes into the picture. How to distribute the funding, government funding for research. So peer review makes sure that the most advanced and important scientific questions will be examined and this important knowledge will be available for the whole population to advance health of the population and the eradicate the disease. And we need to make sure that the best science will be promoted. So I suggest that you experience how peer review works just now by doing this small game. So we have three proposals that were submitted from some scientists. And the first proposal is smoking, is about smoking and lung cancer. So the scientists want to know how the cigarette smoking causes lung cancer and what chemicals are responsible for damaging biological molecules. So now you need to look at your badge that you have and see if any one of you has expertise to be a reviewer for this application. They will study chemicals and biological molecules. So any molecular biologists we have or any chemists, what do you have? Molecular biology? Okay come here. Any lung cancer specialists? All right we have. >> At the back. >> One on the back. Yeah, come here. So and any chemists, chemistry or general cancer research? We still have to have the third person for this number one, any lung cancer, chemists, molecular biologists or cancer, general cancer? ^M00:26:18 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:26:22 You, what do you have? >> Cancer research. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Okay come here. >> Cancer great. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Yeah. And we have proposal number two about toothpaste and cavities. So the questions that they will study, which of the three chemicals is the best to protect your teeth? Is it sugar, is it -- it sounds sweet right, it sounds good? Baking soda or fluoride? So we need some oral hygienists, some dentists, dentist. >> I am dentistry so. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Dentistry perfect. Oral hygiene come here. And now again, some chemical expertise, we are talking about chemicals. No, no chemists? Everyone is bacteria. So this is one that's for you. So someone need to pretend to be chemist, so you want to be chemist? ^M00:27:32 ^M00:27:37 Okay, all right. And now the third proposal, how do bacteria protect themselves from viruses? Do they synthesize special molecules that help them to do so? So we have bacteriologists, virologists right. So now we have all these three different topics and we have, so okay. ^M00:28:09 ^M00:28:13 These stickers, so I give everyone a sticker and please if you think that the topic is important give it three stickers. If you think oh it would be good to know but I'm not very excited give it two stickers. And if you think maybe better not to do this type of study give it one sticker okay. And I have three boards for each of the proposals, so put your stickers on each one of them. So okay. So we start from you and I give you the stickers. So there we go and to you. And then you need to put your board, to give your board to the next person. All right we have 27 likes for bacteria and viruses, 24 for smoking and cancer, so what do we have for toothpaste? Less enthusiasm for toothpaste, so I guess everyone figured it out already that sugar not so good. All right so this is just an example, just a game to give you an idea how peer review works, like scientists from different areas of science will gather together and decide which is the most exciting project and which will be beneficial to our nation. ^M00:30:07 So about importance of basis science. As you know there is basic science and applied or clinical science. And you can easily figure out what clinical science means, it's just immediately applicable to patients. But basic science is science that will answer many questions that are unknown, many questions about the disease that are not known, maybe for those diseases without cure such as cancer. We need to gather a lot of knowledge which probably will not be immediately introduced into clinic but will be helpful in developing such cure in the future. And basic science important you appreciate it very much and I'm very happy. So let's talk about this viruses and bacteria. So would you say maybe to cure diabetes would be more important than to know how bacteria protect themselves about the viruses? It happened that National Institutes of Health and National Science Foundation funded the bacteria and viruses research. And what they find that bacteria will protect themselves against viruses by getting pieces of DNA. And they found that human DNA can be also cut, like piece of the human DNA you can cut. ^M00:31:54 ^M00:32:02 For example with the gene that has coding for insulin protein and then you put it into bacterial DNA. So now you have the bacterial DNA which have human gene and it will synthesize human protein and then they purify protein and give it to patient. So this is how basic science can lead to cure. ^M00:32:32 ^M00:32:37 So you can be part of NIH too and there are several programs that are available for high school students and for university students. And there are also a lot of resources, maybe Sasha can email to your teacher these resources and you can investigate them when you are doing some projects. And there is a lot of interesting information about science. And if you are interested, if you have questions, if you are patient, anyone with these qualities can scientists. And of course you read books, you go to the library, don't forget Library of Congress. And you can do science camp, you can do a lot of activities and go to earn your degree. And there are some professions in biomedical research or in biomedical science that do not require advanced degree. So for example environmental field technicians, sonographers or veterinary technicians, nurse, and if you are interested doing forensic science for example. So you still have to have education to do these things that you are interested and you can choose to pursue your academic career by going to a PhD studies and have your own lab and ask your own questions, apply for NIH for funding, and do your research that you would love to do. So just do not let your imagination to give you boundaries, so dream big and follow your dreams so to be a scientist. That's the end of my presentation and now Dr. Yuri will excite you. And we will have questions maybe later together right. >> Sasha Dowdy: Thank you very much. So our next scientist and Yuri Kotliarov is the other half of the scientific dynamic duo and he'll talk to you a little bit about the kinds of work that he does with scientific data, what happens after you get the results of the experiments and the questions that you are asking. So he also went to Tokyo University, got a PhD in engineering and now also works at the National Institutes of Health in the Center for Human Immunology, he's a staff scientist so science is a daily thing. Looking at a whole bunch of things and figuring out how everything fits together. So tell us a little bit more about your work. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Okay, hello good morning again to you. So just as question I want to ask you, what do you think the most common tools now in science as it was for centuries, like what scientists used to generate hypothesis, thinking about the nature, what is the tools? So Svetlana before talked with you about some scientific tools. So but what do you think, any ideas, like very simple tools every scientist used for centuries? Yes. >> Magnifying [inaudible]. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Magnifying glasses, but yeah it was developed just maybe a few, maybe a hundred years ago, something like this. Something was simpler what scientists are using. >> Water. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Water okay, but not everyone maybe. Yeah. ^M00:36:39 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:36:41 Exactly paper and pencil you have to write your ideas and you kind of recording your findings right. So in last years things change, what do we use now? So we also use pen, paper and pencils and papers, so what do we use now? >> Technology. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Technology, what kind of technology? >> Internet. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Internet yes, but before? ^M00:37:08 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:37:09 Just let's say computers right more general and machines it help us to store like large amount of data and do the analysis. ^M00:37:18 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:37:22 Which machine? ^M00:37:23 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:37:24 Computers yeah. >> [Inaudible] write it down first. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: So again Svetlana recently described you that scientists who discovered microscopes they just draw the pictures they saw under the microscope. And many thought in hypothesis was built about the pictures. So what current technology is recording is very complicated, it's also images that converted to the data on the computer and it's a large amount of data. Maybe I can just show you. So this is one of technologies, it's a little bit old. We use these called DNA or MicroArrays. You know all what is DNA and how it looks like, what is it, did you study in your science class? Does this look like this? Yeah, like a [inaudible] molecule that can pass the information about you from generation to generation, why is we look your mom and dad and why we different from animal, from bacteria. Because every living thing they have DNA in their cells. So this technology has, it's actually a very tiny chip, it's about like one and a little bit more [inaudible] centimeters. And they have small pieces of DNA attached to like every micron of this array and the DNA is very different and it's light when it finds similar DNA in your sample. So we analyze like a lot of thousands of such images, it's very complicated. It's written by laser and basically when the laser finds the light it means these genes also present in your sample, the samples can be cells or something from your blood, from mouse, animals, bacteria and so on. So the data takes a lot of space and this requires computer to do the analysis. For example, we can compare cancer patients some sample, like blood sample from cancer patient with a healthy patient just normal and see which genes are different. ^M00:40:08 Maybe if some genes express more it means the gene's response in cancer patients the gene responsible for the cancer or if some genes we find less in cancer patients maybe this gene is important to protect healthy people from cancer. So but the -- yes? >> How is cancer formed? >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: This is a complicated question, this is actually under a very large study now how the cancer form. The problem is that the different cancer is very different, from one patient -- if you compare one patient and another patient even with the same type of cancer let's say lung cancer the nature of cancer might be very different. Some maybe smoked a lot and got the cancer, another one maybe lived in different environment or had some genomic predisposition, some mutations in their cells. So it's a very difficult question and it's. >> Are you saying that if someone from different [inaudible], from different areas? >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Yeah, the are some -- yeah. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Can I answer? >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Yeah, you can answer. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: So cancer is although they are all different as Yuri said, so there are common features of all cancers that something happens in the DNA, in our genetic information that make the cells to divide uncontrollably, so it cannot stop dividing. That's why the tumor is formed, so it's growing. That is the main feature which is common to many cancers. So is that what your question, how the cancer is formed? But exactly the mechanism can be different for all different types of cancer. And there are a lot of. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: And even for example if there is brain cancer there is multiple different types of brain cancer. And it's different how people survive, some survive longer, some survive less, some people respond to some treatment and survive longer. But other people do not respond and it's very important to know what is the right treatment for some patients and for another. Maybe you heard about some program like precision medicine initiative when scientist wants to really analyze like sequence of DNA in your cells and know more about you and to find better cure. ^M00:43:12 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:43:20 Yes, the earlier the cancer is detected the easier to treat it usually. But it depends on the aggressiveness of cancer and sometimes it's very hard to find the cancer at early stage because the cells are very small you know and cancer cells they're hiding, it's very tough and it's one of the direction of cancer science to detect cancer at the early stage. So but I don't have much time, I want to have some fun with you about the data analysis in general. So I show you this slide just to have an idea that we're dealing with some large images that converted to the data on the computer. So but I want to talk something different and maybe you won't notice it's related to science. So in the Library of Congress there is a very large database of old newspapers. The newspapers was scanned with optical character recognition technology, have you heard about it? Basically you can convert the image to the text, you could right, it's called OCR. So the Library of Congress had this large database of newspapers from you see 18th century to 20th century, all the -- so many newspapers and all the text is recognizable. The computer like you're reading the news in the computer. So and so this project [inaudible] in America provides very good access to this data and you can do some very fun research I would say. And I can just go with you and just do them, very small analysis with the tool I'm using. So you all like animals, dogs and cats, anyone have dogs or cats [inaudible]? So who is the dog people? Wow me too. And who are cats people? You have both right? Very good. So let's ask which from 18th century right we have all these papers and how many papers mention dogs and how many papers mention cats? So what people will prefer to talk about in newspaper. Yes. ^M00:46:10 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:46:13 Okay yeah, we can see. So this actually, so my thought based on there is some data exploration like this in the Library of Congress blog, I get the idea from there but applied it on the tool what I am using. Okay so I will show you my screen here. Okay so this called, environment called RStudio and I'm using R language, just one letter R. So I get, this is the link, it's a coding yes, this is like how we -- so I am doing the data analysis in my daily job and this is basically coding. So this is my code, this is where all the output show me and this is where you will see some pictures and variables. Any of you study some kind of coding? You did good. What language have you used? >> I don't use we coding to make video games. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: What, oh I see. Oh probably like what's the name? Yes. ^M00:47:25 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:47:29 Okay, okay. So this code, this language is very used in the science of data analysis. So I read this URL in the code, get some data. I hope internet works well. ^M00:47:49 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:47:51 So you can see I am reading like some, I'm getting some papers from Arizona and you can see that there is 300,000 papers just from this state. So let's go to dogs, so we can -- for example. So I am doing the request for like dogs and just it will take a long time to analyze the whole, the database. So I've taken only just 20 pages. And it returns me to dog mentioned just in 20 pages, it's not newspaper pages but it's pages the Library of Congress gives you. And you can see it it's around 2 million records about the dogs. So. ^M00:49:03 ^M00:49:07 So here I get information for both cats and dogs, so you can see it goes through all the 20 pages of information. And it's getting what state the data from and how many mentioning of dogs and cats. Okay 20 it's done, this actually will take a long time for it to analyze the whole database. So some preparation. ^M00:49:39 ^M00:49:46 Okay and now we have a plot. ^M00:49:48 ^M00:49:52 So and can you see it? So this show by state and make it a little bit smaller okay. ^M00:50:05 So the red one is cats, the blue is dogs, so this show how many mentions from the newspaper from each state, in the United States and again from 18th century. Again, the more, you can see for example [inaudible] it looks like dogs more than cats. Here we have the District of Columbia cats win. So some of them like New York is a dog state, Kentucky, California, but other they're pretty much cats as well. So if you do a little bit more plotting. So I calculated like who is the winner basically, the ratio of number of dogs in newspaper divided by number of cats. So these green are the dog winners states and see Kentucky is on the top. So basically, more dogs than cats, three times more mention of dogs in Kentucky. This is tied, this is the same Virginia, South Dakota and Georgia. And Arizona, Montana, Indiana they looks like cats more. Okay you all like Star Wars, right? Did you watch last night, no? Anyway, there is a database about all the characters from the Star Wars in all the movies, made movies. So about the physical characteristics, I don't know who compiled them but there is like a whole website describing who is who. And this website basically has the easy access to all the data, for example different planets, people, vehicles, spaceship, which people using which vehicle, and so on. And which films they are and so on. This is the data how it look like, so name of the person, you can see Darth Vader here and Skywalker, even droids, C-3PO and these just the first part, there is 88 characters total in this database [inaudible] attributes. So again disclaimer, last movie now is The Force Awakens no [inaudible] yet. And you can see there is the hair and mass and hair color, eye color and gender and where they are from, what the species and so on. So I just thought it will be some kind of fun to do data analysis of this database just quickly. So I already collected the data, so I'll just read them, [inaudible] libraries. ^M00:53:15 ^M00:53:19 So this gives me some ideas about what species are in the movie, so there is 37 humans, 5 droids, and then others just so many species in the galaxy that are very few representative of each. Yes and this movie is mostly about humans you know. Let's -- so they have mass and height and I thought let's plot them again each other. So here is some points, so here is the mass so how heavy they are and this is height. So again, we see the. ^M00:54:06 ^M00:54:12 So this row everyone that has both mass and height. So you can see they're kind of on the line so they're heavier the character the higher they are or opposite. There is one exception here, so he's very heavy and not very high, any ideas who can be, who knows the movies? There is the Java the Hut remember this fat guy, bad guy? So for this I only leave human and droids. So let me label them. So this is the BB8 very small droid and then the top we have Darth Vader, very high and then all the other humans with another droid like killer droids. And then basically all the humans [inaudible] and there is a line and some exceptions. So you know idea about the body mass index how they, how doctors kind of assess how health you are based on mass and height or if like your BMI is basically mass divided by square of your height, sorry height? So I can calculate the BMI for these characters. Okay so this is coloring male, it's okay. So this is, so again here with the green one is our healthy zone, you can see this is between like 20 and 25 really healthy BMI. And you see all the humans are pretty good shape. Let me label them also. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: How about Chewbacca? >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: I haven't labeled him. Actually he was there, but he's not human he was excluded. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Okay. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: A beast. So see Darth Vader a little bit overweight, but he probably has a lot of metal in the body. Some few people are overweight and these I remember the Luke's step-father right, a little bit overweighted [phonetic]. And one of the pilot called, with nickname [inaudible]. So all the females here, except one Captain Phasma from the Force Awakens, it's a very large woman. And you know this is the wartime they all like very fit to fight and also, it's Hollywood actors, you know they're supposed to be healthy. So, okay so I want to finalize, we don't have much time, I have some other very fun datasets. But I want you to have an idea that it's very easy to use computer and with just a few lines of code you can look from the different prospects on your data and kind of get an idea. And generate some hypothesis for fun experiments. Thank you very much guys for listening. ^M00:57:58 ^M00:58:00 [ Applause ] ^M00:58:02 Yeah, if you have questions. >> Yeah, so you do research, you analyze data? >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: I analyze data, but not this of course. >> Right, right, right. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: This is just for fun in my free time. >> Right, so what type of data, so you're only analyzing immunology data or are you analyzing all the different data that comes into your office? >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Analyzing different data which related to immunology. >> Okay. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: This can be some like autoimmune diseases, it can be for example we published a large paper about the flu vaccination. >> Okay. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: How people respond to flu vaccine, but we see that it depends on some cells in your body some people respond higher than others. >> Okay.>> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: And we find some cells that actually they stay there, the amount of those cells just before the vaccination can -- is responsible for whether you will have response or not. >> Okay. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: So and it's very different how young people responds versus old people, they are very different immune system and we're still trying to understand what's the like big difference between young and old people. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: You did cancer. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: So we study. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: You did cancer too. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: That's right we did. >> Do you all ever get to work together? >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: We used to work together for eight years in the cancer lab on the brain cancers. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: I'm whispering that you did cancer analysis too in terms of data. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Yes, we working on the and now you know in the cancer research immunotherapy is very promising to prepare the cell that is specific for a patient that will help him to fight the cancer and then attack the cancer cells and kill them. So this is very promising research and also in immunology in general there is many, many open questions that we're trying to answer. ^M01:00:02 Basically my job is to help scientists to understand the data and to generate some new hypothesis, how to explain what we see in the data. Do you have any questions guys? So basically this is using the tools that now almost everyone, many, many people have computers in their home. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: This is a free tool yeah. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: And this tool I'm using is actually free, it's opensource. >> Would you rather use the computer or like pencil and paper like because say if like all the power went out and. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Of course yes. >> And the data will be erased. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Of course. Yeah, I prefer to use the computer when it's available but we should be ready of course and just don't lose [inaudible] to write and draw with pen and pencils. >> Sasha Dowdy: We actually have a whole bunch of research in the Library of Congress collection, digital collections of Thomas Jefferson writing down data with paper and pencil and he was trying to figure out, not necessarily even figuring out just recording data about the weather every day and he would write down just everything that he saw around him. And then you can see all that data online and you could also plug it into a computer and analyze what Thomas Jefferson was looking at every day so. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: That's interesting. >> Sasha Dowdy: He was a writer, inventor, scientist, library enthusiast, everything. >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: But I can say that you saw the optical character recognition from the newspapers when the font is very fixed and we know how the letters look like, but when you have the handwriting and you want to [inaudible] computer to analyze what's written it's a very hard task. Different people have different you know writing styles and sometimes you even cannot read and you want computer to be able to read. But there is a technology like some deep learning and [inaudible] networks that have helped with these and now the research is ongoing in this area. ^M01:02:14 ^M01:02:21 >> Sasha Dowdy: [Inaudible] asked your question, anyone else? ^M01:02:25 ^M01:02:29 >> Dr. Yuri Kotliarov: Okay. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Okay. >> Sasha Dowdy: All right well how about another round of applause for our scientists? Thank you very much. >> Dr. Svetlana Kotliarova: Thank you. >> Sasha Dowdy: I hope you guys enjoyed the presentation and make sure to check out the digital resources we have about all these founding fathers who recorded their data and the original scientists. And there are so many sources out there, if you like you can find a lot of really interesting data and explore. If you have a question you're already a scientist and just keep exploring your curiosity okay. All right guys, thank you so much. >> This has been a presentation of the Library of Congress, visit us@LOC.gov. ^E01:03:14