>> Peggy McGlone: Hello. I'm Peggy McGlone and I cover arts and culture for the "Washington Post". Our guest this afternoon is Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Dr. Gates is the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University. A giant of American scholarship, Professor Gates is also a filmmaker, a journalist, and a cultural critic. He is the author or co-author of 22 books and the creator of eighteen films. He is an Emmy, Peabody, and NAACP Image Award winner, and he is one of the original MacArthur Genius Grant recipients. He might be best known for his PBS series, "Finding Your Roots", a show that allows us to watch celebrities explore their family histories and to learn about our collective identity. His recent books focus on the Reconstruction era. The "New York Times" called "Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow" an indispensable guide to the making of our times. His first work for young adults, "Dark Sky Rising: Reconstruction and the Dawn of Jim Crow", written with Tonya Bolden, has been praised for its depiction of the promise of Reconstruction and the tragedy of its systemic erosion. Dr. Gates will be signing books at 4:30 and he will participate in a panel discussion on race in America at 6:45. Ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure and privilege to give you Henry Louis Gates, Jr. ^M00:01:41 [ Applause ] ^M00:01:46 >> Henry Louis Gates, Jr.: Thank you. ^M00:01:47 [ Applause ] ^M00:01:50 Thank you so much for that kind introduction. And thanks to all of you for coming. I want to show you a clip -- it's about two minutes -- of our Reconstruction series which is one of our most popular history series on PBS. And it's really an analogy. People said, "Why would you turn to Reconstruction?" I'm going to tell you what Reconstruction is [laughs] in a minute. "Why would you turn to Reconstruction?" Because Reconstruction was twelve years of Black freedom followed by an alt-right rollback. Twelve years of Black freedom followed by an alt-right rollback. Does that sound familiar, like anything that's happening today? All right. Let's play the clip. This is from our series. >> Most of us know that our country fought a civil war in the 1860s. But less is known about that came afterward. The chaotic, exhilarating, and ultimately devastating period known as Reconstruction. >> Did you ever study Reconstruction in school? >> No. A paragraph or two. We never really studied it. >> I didn't learn anything about Reconstruction. ^M00:02:59 [ Music ] ^M00:03:04 >> Reconstruction was our shining moment to the second founding of our country. >> Overnight people who had been defined as property take leadership positions in the South. And this is an incredibly heady moment. Kind of like Barack Obama becoming President. >> But those Black folks had no idea of the cliff they were heading towards. ^M00:03:26 [ Music ] ^M00:03:30 >> Reconstruction produced a violent backlash, a racist backlash. >> I want us to tell the truth about our history, not to punish America; I want to liberate us. But we can't get to liberation if we don't acknowledge what we've done. ^M00:03:48 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:03:52 >> Do you believe that we, as a nation, are still undergoing the process of Reconstruction? >> You might almost say it never ended. We are still trying to come to terms with the consequences of the end of slavery in this country. >> This is a chapter of our history that's been misrepresented and misunderstood. It's time that we acknowledge the true story and complete the work of Reconstructing America. ^M00:04:15 [ Music ] ^M00:04:21 >> Henry Louis Gates, Jr.: That's it. That's what I'm talking about. ^M00:04:23 [ Applause ] ^M00:04:28 So why, of all the things I could make a film about, why Reconstruction, and why now, why write my first children's book with Tonya Bolden, and why the simultaneous adult book? Because it is a lost chapter in American history. Reconstruction was a period following the Civil War between 1865 and 1877. As I said, when Black people experienced more freedom than at any other time in our history of our ancestors on this continent. It's what Abraham Lincoln referred in his second inaugural as, "The new birth of freedom" that the Civil War represented. Historians call it America's second founding. But most schools don't teach about Reconstruction. They skip from Lee's surrender at Appomattox, to Rosa Parks, Dr. King and the Civil Rights Movement, leaving a lot of students wondering why, if Lincoln freed the slaves, why did we need a Civil Rights Movement? So after celebrating the triumphs that Black people made under Reconstruction, we ask how could Black men in the South, former slaves, be given the right to vote in 1867 in the South, and 1870 nationally through the Fifteenth Amendment, and then be systematically deprived of the vote 20 years later by state constitutional conventions throughout the South? How could America fight our costliest war of all our wars to end slavery and to save the Union at the cost of 750,000 lives, yet see Jim Crow established as the law of the land by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1896? W.E.B. Du Bois, my hero, and the first Black man to get a PhD in any field from Harvard in 1895, wrote a book about Reconstruction trying to set the record straight in 1935. And this is how he summarized Reconstruction. It's such a brilliant sentence. He says, "The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun, and then moved back again towards slavery". And Martin Luther King, a month before he was assassinated, and most scholars, kids don't even know this, Martin Luther King made a speech about the significance of W.E.B. Du Bois' book on Reconstruction. And he said, "To understand why his study of Reconstruction was a monumental achievement, it's necessary to see it in context. White historians had for a century crudely distorted the Negro's role in Reconstruction. It was a conscious and deliberate manipulation of history," he said, "And the stakes were high. Reconstruction," Dr. King continued, "Was a period in which Black men had a small measure of freedom of action. If, as White historians tell it, Negroes wallowed in corruption, opportunism, displayed spectacular stupidity, were wanton, evil, and ignorant, then their case was made. They would have proven that freedom was dangerous in the hands of inferior beings. One generation after another of Americans were assiduously taught these falsehoods, and the collective mind of America became poisoned with racism and stunted with myths." So understanding Reconstruction and its rollback is pivotal to understanding the history of race relations in our country today. Even Black people don't know that much about Reconstruction. Many of you have watched my series, "Finding Your Roots", which I love to do. I did Chris Rock. Chris Rock, and I showed him that his great-great grandfather was elected to the House of Representatives in South Carolina in 1872, and Chris Rock broke down and cried. And he broke down and cried because he said -- first of all, he had no idea. And he went to his mother when he was twelve and said he wanted to grow up and be a politician and his mother said that America wouldn't allow Black men to grow up to be a politician. But in his own family tree he had a great-great grandfather who had been elected to the South Carolina House of Representative during Reconstruction. And Congressman John Lewis, who as far as I'm concerned is a living secular saint, Congressman -- . Give it up for John Lewis. ^M00:08:58 [ Applause ] ^M00:09:01 I showed John Lewis his great-great grandfather's voter registration record from the summer of 1867 and he was so shocked that his head just fell and hit the desk and he wept like a baby. Why? Because he spent his whole career trying to get Black people the right to vote. And he and I figured out that because of Jim Crow segregation no one in his family voted between his great-great grandfather in 1867 and John Lewis because of the Voting Rights Act. That's how important the Black vote was. So Reconstruction has been lost to history. And I turn to my colleagues, particularly Eric Foner, and ask him to help me bring it back to the curriculum. Here is a highlight of the -- here's the summary of the highlights of Reconstruction. The Thirteenth, and Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. The Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery. ^M00:10:00 You know how you learned in school Lincoln freed the slaves? He didn't free the slaves. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves. What ended slavery was the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment on December sixth, 1865. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868. That is what established birthright citizenship in the United States. America's only one of 33 countries in the world that has birthright citizenship. And you know what that means. You could be from anywhere, you go to a national airport or Dulles on a airplane trip, you have a baby, the baby is an American. And certain people in this country are trying to take that away. And we're not going to let them take that away. No way. ^M00:10:46 [ Applause ] ^M00:10:52 And the Fifteenth Amendment gave Black men the right to vote. Now you know that even in the free states of the North Black men could only vote in five of the six New England states, and in New York state if they had $250.00 worth of property. Isn't that amazing? Black men in the free North whose family had been freed for generations only got the right to vote in 1870 because of the Fifteenth Amendment. But if you were a freed slave in the South like John Lewis' great-great grandfather, you got the right to vote in 1867 because of the Reconstruction Acts. And the Reconstruction Acts divided the former Confederacy into five military districts and it made all Black men citizens and gave them all the right to vote. And so the first freedom summer was the summer of 1867. And, ladies and gentlemen, 80% of the former male slaves in what was the Confederacy registered to vote, 80%. If 80% of the Black people had voted in the last election, we'd be talking about Hillary Clinton as the President of the United States [laughs]. ^M00:12:13 [ Applause ] ^M00:12:15 Sorry. She's a friend of mine. I had to get that little editorial in there, you understand. ^M00:12:18 [ Laughter ] ^M00:12:19 And guess what? Ninety-nine percent of these men were illiterate because, as all the school children here know, each of you knows that it was illegal to teach an enslaved man or woman to read or write. Yet two years after the end of the Civil War, 80% of the eligible Black men, because women didn't have the right to vote, as you know, registered to vote. And guess what? In the general election of 1868 they voted. Ulysses S. Grant won the presidency. He won overwhelmingly in the electoral college, but he only won the popular vote by 300,000 votes. Five hundred thousand Black men voted for Ulysses S. Grant. They elected him president. Former slaves, Black men, had elected a President of the United States, and they did the same thing in 1872. Think about that. That was the miracle of Reconstruction, the miracle of democracy in action. And the, in South Carolina the Secretary of State was Black, the Treasurer was Black. I got ten minutes. And I'm still Black so I'm going to keep. I'm going to keep on wrapping this up. ^M00:13:33 [ Laughter ] ^M00:13:35 We forget, there were three majority Black states in the United States. South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi were majority Black. Georgia, Alabama, and Florida were almost majority Black. So this was like a mini Black republic in the United States. And the prospect of all of those Black people voting and controlling those states scared people in the South and scared people in the North. There were, between 1870 and 1877, sixteen Black men elected to the Congress including two to the Senate. And overall there were 2,000 Black men elected to office. And this led to an alt-right rollback. I said that the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in December 1865, guess when the Ku Klux Klan was formed? December 1865. Between 1866 and 1876, there were eight major massacres of Black people. Memphis, New Orleans, Camilla, Meridian, Colfax, Coushatta, Vicksburg, and Hamburg. And 3,724 Black men were lynched between 1889 and 1930, eighty percent of them Black. Why? Slavery had ended but cotton remained the leading export in the United States through the 1930s and somebody had to pick all that cotton. So they needed cheap labor. They invented sharecropping, peonage, vagrancy acts. They could, if the police saw three Black men on the street, they could just arrest them and put them on chain gangs and the prison would lease out their labor to go back and pick that cotton that the formerly enslaved had done. And then the Supreme Court, you want to know the dangers of a conservative Supreme Court? A conservative Supreme Court effectively wiped out the power of the Thirteenth, the Fourteenth, and the Fifteenth Amendment with three cases, the Slaughterhouse Cases in 1873, Cruikshank in 1876, and the Civil Rights Cases in 1883 that struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which gave Black people equal access to public accommodations. And then the worst thing of all, starting in 1890, each of the former Confederate states had their own constitutional convention and they figured out brilliantly how they could snatch away the right to vote for Black men through poll taxes, literacy tests, and comprehension test. And it started in Mississippi in 1890, and it spread by 1910 through every former Confederate state. You want to know how dramatic it was? Louisiana had their state constitution convention in 1898. The day before that constitution convention 130,000 black men were registered to vote in Louisiana. By the time that constitution's new regulations were implemented by 1904, that number, ladies and gentlemen, had been reduced to precisely 1,324 from 130,000. And then the United Daughters of the Confederacy decided they were going to build those Confederate monuments for what they called the "lost cause" which was celebrating their victory over Black rule in Reconstruction and their historian general, a woman named Mildred Lewis Rutherford, wrote a textbook and I made my students at Harvard read this textbook -- it was called "The Measuring Rod" -- in my graduate seminar last February. And it sent 20 principals out to every librarian in American and everyone teaching American history and I want to read you two or three things that this book said. It said, "Reject the book that says the South fought the Civil War to hold her slaves. Reject the book that speaks of the slave holder of the South as cruel and unjust. Reject the book that glorifies Abraham Lincoln". Her common core was the lost cause and the lost cause was the belief that the South had a noble way of life and that slavery was benign and benevolent. And the worst thing that had happened was the Civil War which ended their great way of life. The rollback of Reconstruction has lasted far longer than Reconstruction itself and it continues to this day. Today's rollback is part of the reaction to the election of Barack Obama as our first Black president. His eight years in the White House stirred up massive racial resentment as we saw with Donald Trump's campaign and its presidency which capitalized on White racial fear. This is why Reconstruction matters to us today, ladies and gentlemen, because the problems that emerged during Reconstruction have never been resolved in our society. Brian Stevenson, who just started that brilliant new museum toward lynching in Montgomery, said recently, and I quote, "I think that the great evil of American slavery wasn't involuntary servitude and forced labor. The true evil of American slavery was the narrative we created to justify it. They made up this ideology of White supremacy that cannot be reconciled with our constitution, that cannot be reconciled with the commitment to fair treatment and just treatment of all people. They made it up so they could feel comfortable while enslaving other people. Slavery," he concluded, "didn't end in 1865; it just evolved. The North won the Civil War but the South won the narrative war". So now it's time, ladies and gentlemen, for us to change the narrative. We made this series and I wrote these books to show that if we could get through the nightmare of the rollback of Reconstruction through the imposition of Jim Crow segregation, the low point or the nadir in American race relations, then we can get through this new surge of White Supremacists rhetoric. We can get through birtherism. We can get through the attack on Affirmative Action in the courts, gerrymandering, voter suppression, xenophobia, Islamophobia, and anti-immigrant feelings that lead some people to believe that this is not the country where we tear walls down, but the country where we build walls. They have it exactly upside down. This is the new nadir in American race relations that we are experiencing today. History may, as the saying goes, repeat itself, but only if we let it. Thank you. Thank you very much. ^M00:20:44 [ Applause and Cheering ] ^M00:21:00 Thank you. ^M00:21:01 [ Applause ] ^M00:21:07 Thank you. ^M00:21:08 [ Applause ] ^F00:21:12 ^M00:21:13 Thank you. You know, the, this very nice lady said we had two minutes. I guess that's time for one question. But this morning I woke up on Martha's Vineyard where I'd been on vacation and when I looked at my alarm clock at 8:00 a.m., I said, "Hmm. I could go to the beach at Martha's Vineyard or come down here and do this book signing". ^M00:21:30 [ Laughter ] ^M00:21:31 I think I'm developing the flu and maybe I need to stay home [laughs]. But thank you for that warm, thank you for that warm welcome. It means so much to me. We have time for one question. Yes. ^M00:21:44 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:21:50 You got to get to the mic. ^M00:21:52 ^M00:21:57 But don't step on anybody [laughs]. >> Thank you. ^M00:22:03 [ Inaudible ] ^M00:22:06 Thank you very much for the presentation. I appreciate it and think a lot of us here did. Couple of questions. I know some people have drawn a distinction between Reconstruction and Radical Reconstruction. >> Henry Louis Gates, Jr.: Mm-hmm. >> If you could talk about what distinctions might exist, if any. And then if you could also talk a little bit about the Readjuster Party in Virginia, just what your thoughts are about the Readjuster Party and what it tried to do during its time. >> Henry Louis Gates, Jr.: She just told me I could answer your first question but not your second one [laughs]. The Radical Reconstruction, as it was called, Andrew Johnson became President of the United States when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, right. And he wanted to forgive the Confederacy and basically reinstitute slavery by another name. And as Radical Republicans were able, when they were elected and came back into office, were able then to institute what became the three Reconstruction Amendments: The Thirteenth Amendment, which finally ended slavery; then the Fourteenth Amendment: and the Fifteenth Amendment. So the laws on the books, if they'd only been enforced, if the Supreme Court had not made its decisions which limited their applicability to an individual, it limited their applicability to what was called social equality, meaning my right to go to a hotel with you, or my right to marry whoever I wanted, or your right, or the right to eat in a restaurant, et cetera, et cetera. All that led to this massive rollback. Because one of the lessons of this book, of both of our books, is that you could be anti-slavery but also be an anti-Black racist. You could be against slavery as an economic institution and still think Black people were fundamentally inferior, different on the great chain of being in the history of evolution from White people, people of White descent, and there a lot of people who still think that now. There are a lot of people who think that Black people are inherently intellectually inferior and we know that that's a lie. One of the reasons that I love doing "Finding Your Roots" and I love its popularity is that it has two messages. One is that we're all immigrants. We are all immigrants. The Native Americans came here 16,000 years ago. The Black people, my Black ancestors were willing immigrants. They were unwilling immigrants. But they were immigrant. We were all immigrants and that's what made this country great. And the second thing when I do people's DNA, it shows us no matter how different each of you, and I'm looking at the rainbow coalition among the students, no matter how differently phenotypically you all look, you're 99.99% the same in your genome. We're all God's children and we got to fight to make America great again in my opinion [laughs]. Thank you very much. Thank you.